Representing Semantic Information In Pulley Problems

نویسندگان

  • George F. Luger
  • Alan Bundy
چکیده

S e v e r a l r e c e n t r e s e a r c h r e p o r t s have f o c u s s e d o n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n and s o l u t i o n o f p rob lems i n s e m a n t i c a l l y r i c h domains ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) . These i n c l u d e a n a l y s i s o f a l g e b r a word p r o b l e m s a s w e l l as p r o b l e m s in mechan ics and t he rmodynamics . The t e r m " s e m a n t i c a l l y r i c h " c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e s e domains w e l l i n t h a t s u c c e s s f u l p rob lem s o l v e r s possess l a r g e amounts o f p r o b l e m s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n and t a s k r e l a t e d k n o w l e d g e . Compare t h i s w i t h t h e know ledge and i n f o r m a t i o n needed t o s o l v e t a s k s such a s t h e Tower o f Hano i o r c r y p t a r i t h m e t i c . The MECHO g roup (2) has employed t h e f a m i l i a r p r o t o c o l a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e i n a n a t t e m p t t o d e t e r mine what i n f o r m a t i o n t h e p e r s o n a t t e m p t i n g t o s o l v e p u l l e y p r o b l e m s has a v a i l a b l e , and f u r t h e r , how t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s o r g a n i z e d and s t o r e d . A l t h o u g h t h e MECHO p r o j e c t has much b r o a d e r g o a l s t h a n c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e w o r l d o f p u l l e y p r o b l e m s , t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n and s o l u t i o n o f p u l l e y p rob lems w i l l b e t h e f o c u s o f t h i s p a p e r . L i k e (1) & (3) we employ a p r o b l e m t y p e schema t o r e p r e s e n t t h e p r o b l e m s o l v e r ' s k n o w l e d g e . We a r e a l s o a t t e m p t i n g t o d e s c r i b e t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m t y p e schema and c h a r a c t e r i z e t h i s c o n t e n t by a compute r p rog ram ( 4 ) . The t e r m schema i s u s e d , a f t e r B a r t l e t t and P i a g e t , t o r e f e r t o a s t r u c t u r i n g o f i n f o r m a t i o n , a l o o s e c o n d e d e r a t i o n o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t r e p r e s e n t a c a p a c i t y t o p e r f o r m a f u n c t i o n o r t a s k . Each schema i s made u p o f s e t s o f f a c t s and r e l a t i o n s a b o u t a n i d e a l o b j e c t c o n f i g u r a t i o n , a s e t o f i n f e r e n c e s a b o u t t h e s e f a c t s and r e l a t i o n s , and a s e t o f d e f a u l t v a l u e s . C o n s i d e r t h e p u l l e y p r o b l e m : A man of 12 s t o n e and a w e i g h t of 10 s tone a r e c o n n e c t e d by a l i g h t r ope p a s s i n g o v e r a p u l l e y . F i n d t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e man. I f t h e man p u l l s h i m s e l f u p t h e rope s o t h a t h i s a c c e l e r a t i o n i s one h a l f i t s f o r m e r v a l u e , what i s t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e w e i g h t ? The f a c t s o r d e c l a r a t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m above i n c l u d e . a f i x e d p u l l e y , a l i g h t r ope p a s s i n g o v e r t h e p u l l e y , and two o b j e c t s one a t each end o f t h e r o p e . The i n f e r e n c e s a b o u t t h e p u l l e y sys tem w i l l i n c l u d e t h e f a c t t h a t b o t h h a l v e s o f t h e s t r i n g w i l l have t h e same t e n s i o n i f t h e p u l l e y i s smoo th . A l s o , t h e m a g n i t u d e o f the a c c e l e r a t i o n o f each o b j e c t w i l l b e t h e same t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f c o u r s e , a r e d i f f e r e n t i f t h e l e n g t h o f t h e rope between t h e o b j e c t s r ema ins c o n s t a n t . T h i s a c c e l e r a t i o n i n f e r e n c e i s n e c e s s a r y i f t h e s o l v e r i s a b l e t o answer b o t h q u e s t i o n s i n t h e p r o b l e m . I n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e , w i t h the l e n g t h o f r o p e be tween t h e o b j e c t s c o n s t a n t , the a c c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t s w i l l b e e q u a l though i n oppos i te d i r e c t i o n s . I n the second i n s t a n c e , the l e n g t h o f rope between o b j e c t s changes so the magnitude of the a c c e l e r a t i o n w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t f o r each o b j e c t . The d e f a u l t v a l u e s o f t h e p r o b l e m schema c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n such a s , i f n o t h i n g i s s a i d t o t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e p u l l e y w i l l b e l i g h t and f r i c t i o n l e s s . A l s o , i t i s assumed t h e p u l l e y i s f i x e d i f n o t h i n g i s s a i d t o t h e c o n t r a r y . The f o l l o w i n g p u l l e y sys tem schema ( i n PROLOG ( 5 ) ) w i l l p a r t i a l l y r e p r e s e n t t h i s s i t u a t i o n :

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تاریخ انتشار 1977